ENGLISH NOTES

NCERT ENGLISH GRAMMAR PDF

• Class 6 -
• Class 7 -
• Class 8 -
• Class 9 -
• Class 10 -

 SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

Words	Synonyms – Same Meaning	Antonyms – Opposites
Abate	Moderate, decrease	Aggravate
Adhere	Comply, observe	Condemn, disjoin
Abolish	Abrogate, annul	Setup, establish
Acumen	Awareness, brilliance	Stupidity, ignorance
Abash	Disconcert, rattle	Uphold, Discompose
Absolve	Pardon, forgive	Compel, Accuse
Abjure	Forsake, renounce	Approve, Sanction
Abject	Despicable, servile	Commendable, Praiseworthy
Abound	Flourish, proliferate	Deficient, Destitute
Abortive	Vain, unproductive	Productive
Acrimony	Harshness, bitterness	Courtesy, Benevolence
Accord	Agreement, harmony	Discord
Adjunct	Joined, Added	Separated, Subtracted
Adversity	Misfortune, calamity	Prosperity, Fortune
Adherent	Follower, disciple	Rival, Adversary
Adamant	Stubborn, inflexible	Flexible, Soft
Admonish	Counsel, reprove	Approve, Applaud
Allay	Pacify, soothe	Aggravate, Excite
Alien	Foreigner, outsider	Native, Resident
Ascend	Climb Escalate	Descend, Decline
Alleviate	Abate, relieve	Aggravate, Enhance
Allure	Entice, fascinate	Repulse, Repel
Arraign	Incriminate, indict	Exculpate, Pardon
Amplify	Augment, deepen	Lessen, Contract
Axiom	Adage, truism	Absurdity, Blunder
Audacity	Boldness, Courage	Mildness, Cowardice
Authentic	Accurate, credible	Fictitious, unreal
Awkward	Rude, blundering	Adroit, clever
Barbarous	Frustrate, perplex	Civilized
Bleak	Grim, Austere	Bright, Pleasant
Bewitching	Alluring, charming	Repulsive, Repugnant
Baroque	Florid, gilt	Plain, unadorned
Brittle	Breakable, crisp	Tough, Enduring
Barrier	Barricade, Obstacle	Link, Assistance
Baffle	Astound, Faze	Facilitate, Clarify
Bustle	Commotion, Tumult	Slowness, Quiet
Barren	Desolate, Sterile	Damp, Fertile
Bawdy	Erotic, Coarse	Decent, Moral
Bind	Predicament	Release
Batty	Insane, silly	Sane
Benevolent	Benign, Generous	Malevolent, Miserly
Befogged	Becloud, Dim	Clear headed, Uncloud
Base	Vulgar, Coarse	Summit, Noble
Benign	Favorable, friendly	Malignant, Cruel
Busy	Active, Engaged	Idle, Lazy
Bleak	Austere, Blank	Bright, Cheerful
Bold	Adventurous	Timid
Boisterous	Clamorous, rowdy	Placid, Calm
Blunt	Dull, Insensitive	Keen, Sharp
Callous	obdurate, unfeeling	Compassionate, Tender
Capable	competent, able	Incompetent, Inept
Calamity	adversity, misfortune	Fortune
Calculating	Canny, Devious	Artless, honest
Calumny	defamation, aspersion	Commendation, Praise
Captivity	imprisonment, confinement	Freedom, Liberty
Captivate	Charm, fascinate	Disillusion offend
Chaste	virtuous, pure	Sullied, Lustful
Cease	terminate, desist	Begin, Originate
Compassion	kindness, sympathy	Cruelty, Barbarity
Chastise	punish, admonish	Cheer, encourage
Concede	yield, permit	Deny, reject
Comprise	include, contain	Reject, lack
Consent	agree, permit	Object Disagree
Concur	approve, agree	Differ, disagree
Consolidate	solidify, strengthen	Separate, Weaken
Consequence	effect, outcome	Origin, Start
Contempt	scorn, disregard	Regard, Praise
Conspicuous	prominent, obvious	Concealed, hidden
Contrary	dissimilar, conflicting	Similar, Alike
Contradict	deny, oppose	Approve, Confirm
Callous	Insensitive, indurated	Kind, merciful
Calm	Harmonious, unruffled	Stormy, turbulent
Candid	Blunt, bluff	Evasive
Camouflage	Cloak, disguise	Reveal
Carnal	Earthly, fleshly	Spiritual
Captivate	Beguile, bewitch	Repel
Celebrated	Acclaimed, lionized	Unknown, Inglorious
Catholic	Generic, liberal	Narrow- minded
Censure	Rebuke, reprimand	Praise, Acceptance
Cement	Plaster, mortar	Disintegrate
Clandestine	Covert, furtive	Open, Legal
Cheap	Competitive, Inexpensive	Dear, unreasonable
Coarse	Bawdy, Boorish	Fine, Chaste
Classic	Simple, Typical	Romantic, Unusual
Compact	Bunched, thick	Loose, Diffuse
Comic	Clown, Jester	Tragic, tragedian
Conceit	Egotism, Immodesty	Modesty
Compress	Abbreviate, Shrink	Amplify, Expand
Condemn	Castigate, Chide	Approve, Praise
Concord	Agreement, accord	Discord
Consolidate	Centralize, Fortify	Weaken
Confident	Bold, Undaunted	Diffident, cowardly
Creation	Formation, foundation	Destruction
Courtesy	Generosity, Reverence	Disdain, Rudeness
Cunning	Acute, Smart	Naive, Coarse
Decipher	interpret, reveal	Misinterpret, distort
Decay	Collapse, decompose	Flourish, Progress
Deceit	deception, artifice	Veracity, Sincerity
Defray	spend, pay	Disclaim, Repudiate
Defile	contaminate, pollute	Purify, sanctity
Demolish	Ruin, devastate	Repair, construct
Deliberate	cautious, intentional	Rash, Sudden
Deride	mock, taunt	Inspire, Encourage
Deprive	despoil, divest	Restore, Renew
Dissuade	Remonstrate, Counsel	Insite, Persuade
Disdain	detest, despise	Approve, praise
Dense	Opaque, piled	Sparse, brainy
Denounce	Blame, boycott	Defend
Despair	Depression, misery	Contentment, Hope
Derogatory	Sarcastic, critical	Laudatory, appreciative
Docile	Pliable, pliant	Headstrong, obstinate
Destructive	Catastrophic, pernicious	Creative, Constructive
Dwarf	Diminutive, Petite	Huge, Giant
Eclipse	Diminution, Dimming	Shine, eclipse
Eager	Keen, acquisitive	Indifferent, apathetic
Ecstasy	delight, exultation	Despair, Calamity
Eccentric	strange, abnormal	Natural, Conventional
Encumbrance	hindrance, obstacle	Incentive, stimulant
Efface	destroy, obliterate	Retain, Maintain
Eloquence	expression, fluency	Halting, Stammering
Enormous	colossal, mammoth	Diminutive, negligible
Endeavour	undertake, aspire	Cease, quit
Equivocal	uncertain, hazy	Obvious, lucid
Epitome	precise, example	Increment, expansion
Eradicate	destroy, exterminate	Secure, plant
Fallacy	delusion, mistake	Veracity, Truth
Fabricate	construct, produce	Destroy, Dismantle
Fanatical	narrow-minded, biased	Liberal, Tolerant
Falter	stumble, demur	Persist, Endure
Ferocious	cruel, fierce	Gentle, Sympathetic
Feeble	weak, frail	Strong, Robust
Fluctuate	deflect, vacillate	Stabilize, resolve
Feud	strife, quarrel	Harmony, fraternity
Fragile	weak, infirm	Enduring, Tough
Forsake	desert, renounce	Hold, maintain
Frivolous	petty, worthless	Solemn, significant
Frantic	violent, agitated	Subdued, gentle
Frugality	economy, providence	Lavishness, extravagance
Gloom	obscurity, darkness	Delight, mirth
Gather	Converge, huddle	Disperse, Dissemble
Gorgeous	magnificent, dazzling	Dull, unpretentious
Glut	stuff, satiate	Starve, abstain
Grisly	disgusting, atrocious	Pleasing, attractive
Gracious	courteous, beneficent	Rude, Unforgiving
Guile	cunning, deceit	Honesty, frankness
Grudge	hatred, aversion	Benevolence, Affection
Genuine	Absolute, Factual	Spurious
Generosity	Altruism, bounty	Stinginess, greed
Glory	Dignity, renown	Shame, Disgrace
Gloomy	Bleak, cloudy	Gay, Bright
Harass	irritate, molest	Assist, comfort
Hamper	retard, prevent	Promote, facilitate
Hazard	Peril, danger	Conviction, security
Hapless	unfortunate, ill-fated	Fortunate, Lucky
Haughty	arrogant, pompous	Humble, Submissive
Hideous	frightful, shocking	Attractive, alluring
Heretic	non-conformist, secularist	Conformable, religious
Harmony	Conformity, Amicability	Discord, discord
Hamstrung	Cripple Debilitate	Strengthen, Encourage
Honor	Adoration, Reverence	Denunciation, Shame
Hasty	Abrupt, Impetuous	Leisurely, Cautious
Humility	Resignation, Fawning	Boldness, Pride
Humble	Meek, Timid	Proud, Assertive
Impenitent	Uncontrite, Obdurate	Repentant
Hypocrisy	Deception, Pharisaism	Sincerity, frankness
Indifferent	Equitable, Haughty	Partial, Biased
Impulsive	Flaky, Impetuous	Cautious, Deliberate
Infernal	Damned, Accursed	Heavenly,
Indigent	Destitute, Impoverished	Rich, Affluent
Interesting	Enchanting, Riveting	Dull, Uninteresting
Insipid	Tedious, Prosaic	Pleasing, appetizing
Immense	huge, enormous	Puny, Insignificant
Immaculate	unsullied, spotless	Defiled, Tarnished
Imminent	impending, brewing	Distant, Receding
Immerse	submerge, involve	Emerge, uncover
Impair	diminish, deteriorate	Restore, Revive
Immunity	prerogative, privilege	Blame, Censure
Impediment	hurdle, obstruction	Assistant, Concurrence
Impartial	just, unbiased	Prejudiced, Biased
Impute	attribute, ascribe	Exculpate, support
Impious	irreligious, unholy	Pious, Devout
Incompetent	inefficient, unskilled	Dexterous, Skilled
Inclination	disposition, affection	Indifference, Disinclination
Inevitable	unavoidable, ascertained	Unlikely, Doubtful
Incongruous	inappropriate, absurd	Compatible, harmonious
Ingenuous	undisguised, naive	Wily, Craftly
Infringe	violate, encroach	Comply, Concur
Insipid	tasteless, vapid	Delicious, luscious
Insinuate	allude, hint	Conceal, Camouflage
Instill	inculcate, inject	Eradicate, extract
Insolvent	indigent, destitute	Wealthy, solvent
Intrigue	scheme, conspiracy	Candor, Sincerity
Intricate	tangled, complicated	Regulated, Orderly
Invective	accusation, censure	Approval, acclamation
Intrinsic	genuine, fundamental	Extraneous, incidental
Immaculate	Exquisite, Impeccable	Defiled, Tarnished
Invincible	unconquerable, impregnable	Effeminate, languid
Irrepressible	irresistible, unconfined	Composed, hesitant
Jejune	dull, boring	Interesting, exciting
Jaded	tired, exhausted	Renewed, recreated
Jubilant	rejoicing, triumphant	Melancholy, depressing
Jovial	frolicsome, cheerful	Solemn, morose
Just	honest, impartial	Unequal, unfair
Judicious	thoughtful, prudent	Irrational, foolish
Juvenile	young, tender	Dotage, antiquated
Justify	defend, exculpate	Impute, arraign
Knave	dishonest, scoundrel	Paragon, innocent
Knotty	complicated difficult	Simple, manageable
Kindred	relation, species	Unrelated, dissimilar
Keen	sharp, poignant	Vapid, insipid
Knell	death knell, last blow	Reconstruction, rediscovery
Lax	slack, careless	Firm, reliable
Lavish	abundant, excessive	Scarce, deficient
Liable	accountable, bound	Unaccountable, apt to
Lenient	compassionate, merciful	Cruel, severe
Lucid	sound, rational	Obscure, hidden
Lure	attract, entice	Repel, dissuade
Linger	loiter, prolong	Hasten, quicken
Liberal	magnanimous, generous	Stingy, malicious
Lunacy	delusion, insanity	Normalcy, sanity
Luxuriant	profuse, abundant	Scanty, meagre
Luscious	palatable, delicious	Unsavory, tart
Languid	Sluggish, apathetic	Energetic, spirited
Mandatory	Imperative, requisite	Optional
Malice	Vengefulness, grudge	Goodwill, Kindness
Merit	Stature, Asset	Demerit, dishonor
Masculine	Gallant, strapping	Feminine, meek
Mitigate	alleviate, relieve	Augment enhance
Miraculous	marvelous, extraordinary	Ordinary, trivial
Molest	harass, tease	Console, soothe
Modest	humble, courteous	Arrogant, pompous
Momentous	notable, eventful	Trivial, insignificant
Mollify	appease, assuage	Irritate, infuriate
Morbid	Nasty, Macabre	Healthy, Cheerful
Monotonous	irksome, tedious	Varied, pleasant
Murky	dusky, dreary	Bright, shining
Munificent	liberal, hospitable	Frugal, penurious
Mutual	joint, identical	Separate, distinct
Mutinous	recalcitrant, insurgent	Submissive, faithful
Nimble	prompt, brisk	Sluggish, languid
Niggardly	miser, covetous	Generous, profuse
Noxious	baneful, injurious	Healing, profitable
Notion	Conceit, Apprehension	Reality, Concrete
Novice	tyro, beginner	Veteran, ingenious
Nonchalant	indifferent, negligent	Attentive, considerate
Nullify	cancel, annual	Confirm, Uphold
Numerous	profuse, various	Scarce, deficient
Obliging	Complaisant, Willing	Mulish, Obstinate
Obstruct	impede, prevent	Hasten, encourage
Obstinate	Stubborn, Adamant	Pliable, flexible
Obscure	Arcane, Vague	Prominent
Obvious	Evident, apparent	Obscure, ambiguous
Obtain	Access, Inherit	Forfeit
Offensive	Abhorrent, obnoxious	Engaging, fascinating
Odious	Malevolent, obnoxious	Engaging, fascinating
Offspring	descendant, sibling	Ancestor, forefather
Occult	latent, ambiguous	Intelligible, transparent
Opaque	obscure, shady	Transparent, bright
Ominous	Menacing, Foreboding	Auspicious
Oracular	cryptic, vague	Lucid, distinct
Optimist	Idealist	Pessimist
Ornamental	decorative, adorned	Unseemly, plain
Ordain	Order, impose	Revoke abolish
Outrage	offence, maltreatment	Praise, favour
Outbreak	eruption, insurrection	Compliance, subjection
Persuade	Cajole, Impress	Dissuade, halt
Pacify	Appease, Chasten	Irritate, worsen
Propagate	Inseminate, fecundate	Suppress, deplete
Perturbed	Flustered, anxious	Calm
Prompt	Precise, Punctual	Slow, Negligent
Progress	Pace, Betterment	Retrogress, worsening
Pamper	Flatter, indulge	Deny, disparage
Prudence	Vigilance, Discretion	Indiscretion
Peerless	matchless, unrivalled	Mediocre, commonplace
Paramount	foremost, eminent	Trivial, inferior
Pertness	flippancy, impudence	Modesty, diffidence
Peevish	perverse, sullen	Suave, amiable
Placid	tranquil, calm	Turbulent, hostile
Perverse	petulant, obstinate	Complacent, docile
Precarious	doubtful, insecure	Assured
Pompous	haughty, arrogant	Unpretentious, humble
Predicament	plight, dilemma	Resolution, confidence
Quaint	Queer, strange	Familiar, usual
Quack	Impostor, deceiver	Upright, unfeigned
Quell	subdue, reduce	Exacerbate, agitate
Quarantine	seclude, screen	Befriend, socialize
Quibble	equivocate, prevaricate	Unfeigned, plain
Rapidity	Quickness, Velocity	Inertia, lanquidity
Raid	Incursion, Foray	Retreat, release
Rebellious	Restless, attacking	Submissive, Compliant
Reason	Acumen, Bounds	Folly, Speculation
Reluctant	Cautious, Averse	anxious, Eager
Rectify	Amend, Remedy	Falsify, Worsen
Ravage	Destroy, ruin	Reconstruct, renovate
Remnant	Residue, piece	Entire, whole
Ratify	consent, approve	Deny, dissent
Restrain	Detain, Confine	Incite
Redeem	Recover, liberate	Conserve lose
Remorse	Regret, penitence	Ruthlessness, obduracy
Remonstrate	Censure, protest	Agree, loud
Resentment	Displeasure, wrath	Content, Cheer
Rescind	Annul, abrogate	Delegate, permit
Reverence	Respect, esteem	Disrespect, affront
Retract	Recant, withdraw	Confirm, assert
Rustic	Rural, uncivilized	Cultured, Refined
Rout	Vanquish, overthrow	Succumb, withdraw
Ruthless	Remorseless, inhumane	Compassionate, lenient
Savage	Wild, untamed	Polished, Civilized
Sacred	Cherish, Divine	Ungodly, Profane
Steep	Course, lofty	Flat, gradual
Startled	Frightened, Shocked	Waveringly
Sublime	Magnificent, eminent	Ridiculous
Stranger	Immigrant, guest	Acquaintance, national
Sympathy	Tenderness, harmony	Antipathy, Discord
Succinct	Concise, Terse	Lengthy, polite
Sarcastic	Ironical, derisive	Courteous, gracious
System	Scheme, Entity	Chaos, Disorder
Shrewd	Cunning, craftly	Simple, imbecile
Saucy	Impudent, insolent	Modest, humble
Servile	Slavish, Docile	Aggressive, Dominant
Scanty	scarce, insufficient	Lavish, multitude
Slander	defame, malign	Applaud, approve
Shabby	miserable, impoverished	Prosperous, thriving
Solicit	entreat, implore	Protest oppose
Sneer	mock, scorn	Flatter, praise
Stain	blemish, tarnish	Honor, purify
Subterfuge	Deceit, Stratagem	Frankness, Openness
Sporadic	intermittent, scattered	Incessant, frequent
Spurious	Fake, Counterfeit	Genuine, Authentic
Squalid	dirty, filthy	Tidy, Attractive
Spry	Nimble, Brisk	Lethargic, Sluggish
Sterile	Barren, Impotent	Profitable, Potent
Successful	Propitious, Felicitous	Destitute, Untoward
Subsequent	consequent, following	Preceding, previous
Stupor	lethargy, unconsciousness	Sensibility, Consciousness
Subvert	Demolish, sabotage	Generate, organize
Substantial	Considerable, solid	Tenuous, fragile
Sycophant	Parasite, flatterer	Devoted, loyal
Superficial	Partial, shallow	Profound, discerning
Taciturn	Reserved, silent	Talkative, extrovert
Taboo	Prohibit, ban	Permit, consent
Temperate	Cool, moderate	Boisterous, violent
Tedious	Wearisome. Irksome	Exhilarating, lively
Tenacious	Stubborn, Dodge	Docile, non- resinous
Tenement	Apartment, Digs	Breakeven, dislodge
Timid	Diffident, coward	Bold, intrepid
Throng	Assembly, crowd	Dispersion, sparsity
Transient	Temporal, transitory	Lasting, enduring
Tranquil	Peaceful, composed	Violent, furious
Treacherous	Dishonest, duplicitous	Forthright, reliable
Trenchant	Assertive, forceful	Feeble, ambiguous
Tumultuous	Violent, riotous	Peaceful, harmonious
Trivial	Trifling, insignificant	Significant, veteran
Tame	Compliant, Subdued	Wild, untamed
Tyro	Beginner, riotous	Proficient, veteran
Thick	Chunky, massive	Thin, attenuated
Terse	Incisive, Compact	Diffuse, Gentle
Tranquil	Amicable, Calm	Agitated, Fierce
Thrifty	Frugal, prudent	Extravagant
Tremble	Vibrate	Steady
Transparent	Diaphanous	Opaque
Utterly	Completely, entirely	Deficiently, incomplete
Uncouth	Awkward, ungraceful	Elegant, Compensate
Uncouth	Boorish, Clownish	Elegant, Compensate
Umbrage	Chagrin, offense	Sympathy, goodwill
Urge	Incite, Implore	Abhorrence, Abomination
Urchin	Foundling, Orphan	Creep, Knave
Vagrant	Wander, roaming	Steady, settled
Vain	Arrogant, egoistic	Modest
Vanity	Conceit, pretension	Modesty, Humility
Valor	Bravery, prowess	Fear, cowardice
Venom	Poison, malevolence	Antidote, Benevolent
Venerable	Esteemed, honored	Unworthy, immature
Vicious	Corrupt, obnoxious	Noble, Virtuous
Veteran	Ingenious, experienced	Novice, tyro
Vivacious	Spirited, Energetic	Dispirited, Unattractive
Vigilant	Cautious, alert	Careless, negligent
Vouch	Confirm, consent	Repudiate, prohibit
Vilify	Malign, Slur, Defame	Cherish, Commend
Vivid	Eloquent, lucid	Dull, Dim
Virtue	Ethic, morality	Vice, dishonesty
Wan	Pale, faded	Bright, healthy
Waive	Relinquish, remove	Impose, Clamp
Wary	cautious, circumspect	Heedless, negligent
Wane	Decline, Dwindle	Ameliorate, Rise
Wicked	vicious, immoral	Virtuous, Noble
Wed	marry, combine	Divorce, Separate
Wile	Trickery, Artifice	Naivety, honor
Wield	Exert, employ	Forgo, avoid
Wilt	wither, perish	Revive, bloom
Winsome	Beautiful, Comely	Alluring, Rapturous
Yield	surrender abdicate	Resist, protest
Yell	shout, shriek	Whisper muted
Yoke	connect, harness	Liberate, Release
Yearn	languish, crave	Content, satisfy
Zenith	summit, apex	Nadir, base
Zeal	eagerness, fervor	Apathy, lethargy
Zig -zag	oblique, wayward	Straight, unbent
Zest	delight, enthusiasm	Disgust, passive

IDIOMS AND PHRASES

A blessing in disguise - a good thing that seemed bad first